health issues

Dehydration

2007-12-24T17:00:00.000-08:00

(fil) Pagpapaiga

OVERVIEW

The body requires a certain amount of fludi intake on a daily basis to function. Requirements vary with activity and age, but most active persons need two to three times this basic amount. Basic fluid intake which are required to perform our normal bodily function. Taking in less or lose more fluid than is needed, will result in dehydration.

Dry sticky mouth
Low or no urine output; concentrated urine output; concentrated urine appears dark yellow
Not producing tears
Sunken eyes
Markedly sunken fontanelles (the soft spot on the top of the head in an infant)
Lethargic or comatose (with severe dehydration)

CAUSES

Fever, heat exposure, heat exhaustion, excessive sweating
Vomiting, diarrhea, and increased urination due to infection
Diseases such as diabetes
An impaired ability to drink (someone in coma or on a respirator or a sick infant who cannot suck on a bottle)
No access to safe drinking water
Significant injuries ti skin, such as burns or mouth sores, or severe skin diseases or infections (water is lost through the damaged skin)

Drink at least 8 to 10 glasses of fluids, such as water or rehydration drinks each day.
Do not drink coffee, colas, or other drinks that contain caffeine. They increase urine output and dehydrate the body faster.
Stop working outdoors or exercising when feeling dizzy, light headed or very tired.
Wear one layer of lightweight,, light colored clothing when working or exercising outdoors.

If an oral rehydrating solution is not available, 7 tsp sugar and 1 tsp of salt in 1 L of water may be given to the patient.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician

MEDICATIONS

Carbohydrates and Electrolytes (systemic)

carbohydrates and electrolyte combination is used to treat or prevent dehydration that may occur with severe diarrhea, especially in babies and young children. It replaces the water and some important salts such as sodium and potassium, that are lost from the body during diarrhea, and helps prevent more serious problems. Some of these solutions may also be used after surgery when food intake has been stopped.

Hydration Solutions

may include a combination of sugar and carbohydrates (for energy), electrolytes, and trace elements. Electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, calcium and magnesium. Trace elements include zinc, copper, manganese, and chromium.

PREPARATIONS Prescription Drugs (Rx)

Fluids/electrolytes

B. Braun 10% dextrose in water, B. Braun 5% dextrose in Lactated Ringer's soln, B. Braun Dextrose 5% in water, B. Braun Dextrose 5% in 0.33% Sodium Chloride, B, Braun dextrose 5% in 0.9% sodium chloride, B. Braun Lactated Ringer's Soln, B. Braun sodium chloride 0.9% solution, Elin Sodium Chloride 2.5 meq Injection, Hydrite, Hizon 0.9% Sodium Chloride, LVP D10W, LVP D5LR, LVP D5S3, LVP D5W, LVP S9, Mannitol

Non-Prescription (Non-Rx)

Fluids/Electrolytes

Glucost, glocolyte, hydrite, oreges, orhydrate, pedialyte 45/pedialyte 90, pedialyte mild 30

Dandruff

2007-12-09T19:41:00.000-08:00

(eng) dry scalp, (fil) balakubak

OVERVIEW

Dandruff is the excessive flaking of dead skin that forms on the scalp.
Dandruff can be a symptom of seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, fungal infection or head lice.

Flakes of skin that range form small and white to large, greasy, and yellow.
Itchy flaking that appears on the scalp or eyebrows, or around the hairline, ears or nose.

CAUSES

Infrequent shampooing or inadequate rinsing of the scalp and hair.
Excessive use of hair products.
Too much blow drying, use of electric hair curlers.
Cold weather and dry indoor heating.
Stress, anxiety and tension
Hormonal imbalance
Poor health, poor hygiene

Wash hair daily or at least three times a week.
Use specially medicated shampoo every 1-2 weeks to prevent recurrence.
Massage scalp alternately with hot and cold water to increase circulation.
Avoid using hair colorants and other chemicals.
Include vitamin B6 and B12, zinc, b-carotene and selenium in the diet.

Garlic and oil oregano, taken internally and externally, can be used to fight dandruff.
Camphor (cinnammomum camphora) is a common remedy for various scalp ailments.
Cut fresh onion in half and rub it on the scalp.
Massage vinegar onto the scalp, then rinse after a few minutes. Repeat daily until dandruff disappears.
Massage hot oil into scalp at bedtime, Next morning an hour before bath, rub lemon juice mixed with vinegar (1:2) into the scalp.
A hot steam bath followed with a hot oil massage may also help reduce dandruff.
Mint rinse: Boil the following mixture: 1 cup water, 1 cup apple cider vinegar, 1 handful of fresh mint leaves. Strain and pour in a container. Then, massage extract on the scalp and let dry without rinsing.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Dermatologist

MEDICATIONS

Antifungals

Selenium sulfide, zinc pyrithione

reduce the rate of growth of horny cells (top layer of skin)

Tar shampoo

tone down extra growth of the skin. It can make skin more sensitive to sunlight and may give light-colored hair an orange tint.

Ketaconazole

an antifungal that inhibits the growth ot fungus. Caution in use if there is a history of liver disease. Hepatitis is the most dangerous side effect of this drug.

Bethametasone Valerate

treats inflammatory disorders of the scalp.

PREPARATIONS
Prescription Drugs (Rx)

Antifungals

Fongitar, lamisil, Nizoral Tab, Pevaryl Cream, Stieprox

Non Prescription Drugs (Non-Rx)

Antifungals

Ionil shampoo, Ionil T, Nizoral Crream, Nizoral Shampoo, Selsun Blue

Cough

2007-12-01T19:07:00.000-08:00

(fil) cough, (bicol) abo, (Pang.) ukok, (ilocano) uyek

OVERVIEW

Coughing is the body;s way of removing foreign material or mucous form the lungs and throat.
The two general classifications of cough are; productive coughs (producing phlegm or mucous from the lungs) and non productive cough (dry and not producing any mucous or phlegm)
Coughs are also divided into acute which is less than 3 weeks and chronic which lasts for more than 3 weeks.

sudden explosive release of air from the lungs
irritation in the throat.

CAUSES

Acute cough is most often caused by the common viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
A dry cough may follow viral illnesses and may last up to several weeks.
Chronic cough may be caused by a variety of underlying diseases including; asthma, cystic fibrosis, allergies, GERD and chronic post nasal drip.
Smoking is a major cause of chronic cough.
Certain medications (ACE inhibitors) cause coughing as a side effect.

Quit smoking
Avoid airborne irritants

Cough lozenges or hard candy can help dry, tickling coughs.
Vaporizer or steamy shower may help dry cough by increasing humidity in the air.
Drink extra fluids to help thin the secretions in the throat and make them easier to cough up.
Breathe hot water vapors (steam inhalation) 3 times a day. It helps liquify the phlegm making it easier to cough out.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician

MEDICATIONS

Antitussives
act centrally by suppression of cough reflex center.

Dextromethropan

is indicated for nonproductive cough. It should not be given to patients taking MAO inhibitors to prevent hypotension, hyperpyrexia, nausea, myoclonic jerks and possibly, coma.
SE: nausea, drowsiness or dizziness

Codeine

is a narcotic analgesic and is used for cough suppression.
CI: hypersensitivity to opiates. when taken with CSN depressant (alcohol, sedatives), there is additive CNS depression. Quinidine decreases the effects of codeine by interfering with the metabolism of codeine to morphine.
AR: hypotension, shock, sedation, delirium, rashes, nausea, vomiting, constipation and respiratory depression.

Mucolytics
decrease mucous viscosity by altering its structure while expectorants increase the volume of secretion. Both promote cough reflex resulting to easy expectoration.

Acetylcysteine

is a mucolytics given to patients with chronic or acute lung diseases. There are no documented interactions with acetylcysteine.
SE: tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, bronchospasm, drowsiness, stomatitis, rashes and fever.

Guifenesin (glyceryl guiacolate)

an expectorant used in the symptomatic relief of dry, nonproductive cough.
SE: dizziness, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting

PREPARATIONS
Prescription Drugs (Rx)

Antitussives

Decolsin Refomulated, Levopront, Myrex Dextromethropan, Robitussin AC (Rx, EDD)

Mucokinetics/Expectorants

Ascof, Asmalin Broncho, Azden/GG, Bisolvon, Broncaire Expecgtorant Syrup, Broxitrol, Carbosol, Clarituss Plus, Cohistan Expectorant, DLI Carbocisteine, Eximbrm Tab, Fluimucil, Scheeleplex, Solucol, Solmux Bronchi (reformulated), Solmux Preparations Drops

Others

Bronchipret Tab

Non-Prescription Drugs (Non-Rx)

Antitussives

Extendryl-DM, Mucotuss, Mytusan DM, Pulmodex, Robitussin DM, Sinecod Forte, Streptuss, Tenmulex, Tuseran, Tuseran Forte, Tuseran Syrup Reformulated

Mucokinetics/Expectorants

Ameustyn, Bisolvon, Clarituss, Declug, Emuxel, Eximbron Syrup, Expectorin, Guahistine, Langex, Pharmachem, Robitussin softgel cap, Solmux Preparation Pedia Susp/fForte susp/cap, Trasnpulmin G Syrup

Others

Trasnpulmin Balsam

Constipation

2007-11-29T18:09:00.000-08:00

(fil) tibe

OVERVIEW

Constipation is passage of inadequate amounts of hard, dry bowel movements, usually fewer than three times a week. People who are constipated may have difficult and painful bowel movements.
Constipation most often occur in women and adults age 65 and over. Pregnant women may have constipation, and its common problem following childbirth or surgery.

Difficulty in starting or completing a bowel movement
Infrequent and difficult passage of stool
Passing hard stool after prolonged straining in the toilet
Distended abdomen, headaches and loss of appetite.

CAUSES

Dietary fibers provides the bulk that helps to speed the passage of waste food through the bowel. Lack of fiber results in harder, more compact stools.
The body needs 1.5-2 liters of fluids a day to function efficiently. Without sufficient fluids, waste matter dries out, making it harder to move through the bowel.
Lack of exercise can slow down the muscle contractions that move waste matter through the bowel.
Pregnancy, menopause and menstruation-hormonal and physical changes are probable cause.
Constipation can be caused by stress but stress can also be a symptom of constipation.
Most bodily functions slow down with age and the digestive system is just one of them.
Some commonly used medicines are known to cause constipation, particularly certain painkillers (e.g codeine), iron tablets and some antacids (e.g aluminum hydroxide).
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) sufferers often have constipation, sometimes alternating with diarrhea. In IBS, cramping pains and discomfort in the bowel and rectum are common.

Exercise regularly
Eat a healthy, high-fiber diet that includes fresh vegetables and fruits.
Regularly practice relaxation that also relaxes the bowel.
Drink plenty of water, especially in hot weather.
Limit foods that have a little or no fiber, such as ice cream, meat, chips, pre-packaged frozen dinners.
Limit caffeine, alcohol, and sodas, as they tend to dry out the stool Heed nature's call. Allow enough time to have a bowel movement.
High Fiber planner for Adults
High Fiber meal planner for Children
Digestive Health Assessments

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Gastroenterologist

MEDICATIONS

Laxatives
Increase the frequency and east of passing bowel movements. These are distinct classes of laxatives, which function differently and have varying degrees of effectiveness and potential side effects.

Bulk-forming laxatives (bran, malt, methylcellulose, polycarbophil, psyllium)

generally are considered the safest but can interfere with absorption of some medicines. These laxatives also known as fiber supplements, are taken with water. They absorb water in the intestine and make the stool softer.

Stimulants (bisacodyl, astor oil, dehydrocholic acid, senna, sodium picosulfate)

cause rhythmic muscle contractions in the intestines. Studies suggest that phenolphthalein, and ingredient in some stimulant laxatives, might increase a person's risk for cancer. Most laxative makers have replaced or plan to repalce phenolphthalein with safer inredient.

Stool softeners (docusate)

provide moisture to the stool and prevent dehydration. These laxatives are often recommended after childbirth or surgery.

Lubricants (mineral oil)

grease the stool enabling it to move through the intestine more easily. Mineral oil is the most common example.

Saline laxatives (glycerin, lactulose, msgnesium citrate/phosphate/hydroxide, sodium phosphate)

act like a sponge to draw water into the colon for easier passage of stool.

PREPARATIONS Prescription Drugs (Rx)

Laxatives/Enemas

Duphalac, fibermate, lilac, mucofalk orange granules, phospho-soda

Non-Prescription Drugs (Non-Rx)

Laxatives/Enemas

dulcolax, fibrosine, laxoberal, rhea glycerin suppository, senokot/senokot forte

BABY CONSTIPATION

What is Infant (newborn) constipation?

when child has trouble or in pain while emptying their bowels, and the bowels will not be emptied as often as usual is called as baby constipation.

Probable causes for Baby (kid) constipation:

Bottle feeding: Bottle fed babies often undergo constipation because bottle milk is harder for a baby to digest. Where as, a breastfed baby will very rarely get constipation because breast milk is more easily digested.

Breastfed babies also have higher levels of a hormone called motiline that increases the movement of the bowels.

Preventing Baby (child) constipation:

Once your baby is between four to six months old, you can start introducing more porridge and fruit or vegetable purées into their diet. These are rich in fiber and will help prevent constipation.

Laxative Use In Children

If your child is having obviously hard, painful stools, laxatives can relieve the problem right away. But too often, laxatives are given to kids who feel fine just because they're parents think they aren't having bowel movements often enough. Always base kid's treatment on how they're feeling with BMs - ask them:

Does it hurt when you poop?

Does it take a long time to get it out?

Do you have to push hard?

If treatment is necessary, always use laxatives designed for children.

Since infants can't tell you anything, you'll usually have to guess about their constipation. Crying and apparent straining with BMs, and of course hard stools, are good clues. Fortunately, there are some very safe products available for infants (see below), so if you're wrong and constipation isn't the problem, no harm will come to your baby because of the laxative. If problems persist more than 24 hours, contact your physician.

Citrucel (methycellulose 2 grams/tbs). Many find this brand of bulk fiber laxative to be less gritty than others, and it comes in both sugared and sugar-free versions.

FiberCon (calcium polycarbophil 625 mg/tablet). If you can’t stand drinking a bulk fiber laxative, these tablets are an excellent alternative. Just make sure you take them with a full 8-12 oz. of water or other liquid.

Senokot, Senokot S, and Senokot Children’s (senna concentrate, various concentrations; docusate sodium 50 mg per tablet is the softener in Senokot S). The active ingredient senna is a bowel contraction stimulant. It is considered safe in children as young as one year. If you need stool softening or lubrication along with the stimulant effect, Senakot S is the recommended combination.

Fleet Glycerin Suppositories and Fleet Babylax (glycerin). These are especially useful if you desire very quick results without swallowing a lot of fiber or a drug that may have other side effects. Glycerin works only in the rectum and lower colon, and is one of the few laxative forms that is safe and effective in infants under one year old.

Common Colds

2007-11-25T21:40:00.000-08:00

(eng) cold, (fil) sipon, (vis) kataro, (ilonggo) sip-on

OVERVIEW

A common cold is an illness caused by a viral infection affecting then nasal passages. Colds may also involve the sinuses, ears and bronchial tubes.

runny nose
congestion
sneezing
weakened senses of taste and smell
scratchy throat
cough

CAUSES

Any of at least 200 viruses. Virus particles spread through the air or from person-to-person contact especially hand-shaking.

Avoid close contact with people who have a cold, especially during the first few days when they are most likely to spread the infection.
Wash hands frequently especially after having contact with an affected person.

Essential oils containing menthol and eucalyptus have been traditionally used for the treatment of common cold. Menthol provides relief from nasal congestion by causing a cool sensation in the nose and also relieves the symptoms of sore throat and cough by a local anesthetic action. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils such as menthol may also help to inhibit infection of the airway by pathogenic viruses and bacteria.
Lozenges containing Echinacea may help prevent infection by boosting the immune system and prevent the development of cold symptoms.
Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration of common cold symptoms by several days. Zinc plays a role in the synthesis of proteins and zinc ions have been shown to inhibit the synthesis of the proteins which form the viral shell.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician

MEDICATIONS

Antitussives (Dextromethrophan)

are meant to be used to relieve dry, hacking coughs associated with colds and flu. They should not be used to treat coughs that bring up mucus or the chronic coughs associated with smoking, asthma, emphysema or other lung problems. These should not be given with MAO inhibitors.

Decongestants (phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine sulfate, sodium chloride)

may be used to provide temporary relief of nasal congestion but use is restricted for less than a week. Prolonged use may cause rebound rhinitis, nervousness, hypertension and insomnia.

CI: MAO inhibitors, selegiline and guanethidine

Expectorants (bromhexine, carbocisteine, guaifenesin)

are drugs that loosen and clear mucus and phlegm from the respiratory tract. They may bring some relief from symptoms, but there is no evidence that they improve lung function.

REPARATIONS
Prescription Drugs (Rx)

Antitussives

Decolsin Reformulated

Decongestants

Clarinase, Colvan Drops, Nagelin, Nasatapp, Nasathera, Nostero, Propadrin, Rhinase, Rhinotapp

Expectorants/Mucokinetics

Azden GG, Corvec, Harbivron

Other

Ascof

Non-Prescription Drug (non-Rx)

Antitussives

Extendryl DM, Mucutuss, Robitussin DM, Tenmulex, Tuseran, Tuseran Forte/Syrup Reformulated

Decongestants

A-P Histallin, Allerin AH, Allerin reformulated, Bioflu,Coldrex, Colvan Syrup/Capsule, Decolgen Forte, Decolgen No-Drowse, Decolgen Syrup (reformulated), Dimetapp (reformulated), Disudrin, Langex, Myracof-AF, Myracof-T, Neozep Syrup (oral drops), Neozep (forte) , Salinase, Sinutab extra strength, Snif

Expectorants/Mucokinetics

Benadryl Expectorant, Clarituss, Expectorin, Robitussin Softgel Capsule

Other

Transpulmin Balsam

Cold Sores

2007-11-20T01:56:00.000-08:00

(eng) Fever blister, herpes labialis; (fil) singaw

OVERVIEW

Cold sores are facial lesions that erupt around the lips and adjacent areas.
Cold sores are quite contagious, usually through direct contact.
The are most contagious during the first three or four days, and the lesion lasts for 4 to 7 days.

Warning symptoms of itching, burning, increased sensitivity or tingling sensation may occur about 2 days before lesions appear.

Tingling of the lips
Small blisters on the lips and mouth that enlarge, burst, then crust over.
Itching and irritation of the lips and mouth
Soreness of the lips and mouth.

CAUSES

Certain strains of the herpes virus cause cold sores

Herpes simplex virus type 1 usually causes cold sores.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 is usually responsible for genital herpes. However, either type of the virus can cause sores in the facial areas or on the genitals.

Avoid kissing and skin contact with people while blisters are present. The virus can spread as long as there are moist secretions from blisters.
Avoid sharing items. Utensils, towels and other item can spread the virus when blisters are present.
Keep hands clean. Wash hands carefully before touching other parts of the body. The eyes and genital area may be particularly susceptible to spread of the virus.
Use sunblock. Apply sunblock to the lips and face before prolonged exposure to the sun to help prevent cold sores.
Eat right. Cold sores attacks are less frequent with intake of lysine-rich foods, e.g dairy products (milk, butter, cream), potatoes and brewer's yeast.
Relax. Stress can lead to occurrence of cold sores.

A diet rich in lysine (brewer's yeast, legumes, dairy, wheat germ, fish and meat) and low in arginine may prevent recurrences of cold sores.
Topical applications of zinc can reduce symptoms and prevent recurrences. It is applied directly to the skin at the site of the flare-up.
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) has antiviral properties. Lemon balm cream promotes the healing of blisters in as fast as 5 days and can decrease the frequency of recurrences.
Cold compress. Place a cool, wet towel on the sores three times a day for 20 minutes each time to help reduce redness and swelling.
Topical preparations containing emollients reduce the cracking while those with phenol and camphor have numbing effect. Dabbing with witch hazel or alcohol when a blister breaks helps in healing.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Dermatologist

MEDICATIONS

Antivirals
Are used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections. They work by inhibiting the reproduction of virus in cells without killing normal cells. Most common side effects of topical use in contact dermatitis.

acyclovir
pencyclovir
tromantadine

Carbenoxolone sodium, Deproteinized calf blood extract.
Treat mild lesions of the mouth. Applied topically in small amounts, it does not interact significantly with other medications.

PREPARATIONS Prescription drugs (Rx)

Antivirals
Acevir, Acyhex, Cyclostad, Herpex, Immunosin, Isoprinosine, Pharex, Aciclovir, Raxclo, Valtrex, Zovirax

Burn

2007-11-19T02:05:00.000-08:00

(fil) Paso, (ilocano) nasinit

OVERVIEW

Burns are tissue injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or irradiation
The extent of injury (depth of burn) reflects the intensity of heat and duration of exposure.

First degree burn ( superficial layers of the skin)

tingling and hypersensitivity to the skin
affected area is dry with little or no swelling
wound may appear red turning to white when pressed

Second degree burn (varying degrees of skin, with blister formation

redness, swelling and blistering on the affected area
the wound may have a weeping surface

Third degree burn (destruction of the full thickness of skin and underlying tissues

surface of the burn may be white and soft, black, charred and leathery
no feeling or sensation on burned area

CAUSES

open flame and hot liquid (most common)
caustic chemicals or acids
electricity
excess sun exposure

Use sunscreen when out of doors.
Keep electrical cords and outlets in the home safe.
Isolate household chemicals.
Use low-temperature setting for hot water heater.
Store and use flammable substance properly.

Minor Burns

If the skin is unbroken, run cool water over the area of the burn or soak it in a cool water bath (not ice water). Keep the area submerged for at least 5 mins. A clean, cold, wet towel will also help reduce pain.
After flushing or soaking for several minutes, cover the bur with a sterile bandage or clean cloth.
Protect the burn from pressure and friction.
Minor burns will usually heal without further treatment. However, if a second degree burn covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, or if it occurred on the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, or a major joint, then treat the burn as a major burn.

Major Burns

If someone is on fire, wrap the person in thick, non-synthetic material to smother the flames (use a wool or cotton coat, rug, or blanket), or lay the person flat and roll him or her on the ground. If your clothes catch fire. STOP, DROP and ROLL.
Make sure that the person is no longer in contact with smoldering materials and is breathing. If breathing has stopped, or if the person's airway is blocked, open the airway. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
Cover the burn area with cool, moist sterile bandage (if available) or clean cloth.
Elevate the body part that is burned above the level of the heart. Protect the burnt area from pressure and friction.
Take steps to prevent shock. Lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches, and cover him or her with coat or blanket. However do not place the person in this shock position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected or if it makes the person uncomfortable.
Continue to monitor the person's vital signs (pulse, rate of breathing, blood pressure) until medical help arrives.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Dermatologist

MEDICATIONS

Topical Anesthetics and Antipruritics
Provide temporary relief of pain and/or itching by minor burns.

Topical Amines and 'caine' type anesthetics
Topical alcohol and/or ketones
Topical Antihistamines

Topical Antibacterial Agents (Antibiotics, antiseptics)
Prevents infection; not for treating injuries

Skin Protectants
Indicated for first degree and less severe second degree burns

PREPARATIONS
Prescription drugs (Rx)

Topical Antibacterials

Bactifree, Bactroban, Flammacerium, Flammazine, Flexid, Fucidin, Intertulle, Furacin, Fusoderm 2% Ointment, Garamycin 0.1% Cream/Ointment, Hopaq, Innoxiderm

Skin Protectants

Solcoseryl Jelly

Non Prescription drugs (Non-Rx)

Topical Anti-pruritics/Antihistamines

Fenistil Gel, Sarna

Topical Antibacterials

Fucidin Ointment/Cream, Terramycin Plus Skin Ointment

Topical Antiseptics

Betadine Cream 5%, Betadine Ointment 10%, Betadine Skin Cleanser, Betadine Wound Solution, Drapolene, IPI Burn Ointment, Phoenix Povidone, Skinguard

Skin Protectants

Apollo Petroleum Jelly, Calmoseptine Ointment, Spectrum Ultra, Vandol

Boils

2007-11-16T05:27:00.000-08:00

(eng) furuncles, Hair follicle infection, (fil) pigsa

OVERVIEW

Boils are bacterial skin infections originating deep in the hair follicles. They appear as blister-like swellings filled with pus around the follicle.
Boils occur most commonly on the face, back of the neck, buttocks, upper legs and groin area, armpits and upper torso.

Princes Town teenager Noel Lochan shows the painful boils which have taken over most of his body. The boils developed last year but were small, and got worse over a week as he scratched and irritated them.

Fig 1. After getting a pedicure with her mother and sister, more than 100 open sores [furuncles] spread rapidly over this 11-year-old girl’s legs.

Fig 2. Multiple Carbuncles

red, swollen nodule in skin
mildly to moderately painful to touch
usually pea-sized, but may be as large as a golf ball
may weep, ooze and crust

CAUSES

ingrown hair
splinter or other foreign material that has become lodged in the skin
plugged sweat glands that become infected
any break in the skin, such as a cut or scrape, can develop into an abscess if it becomes infected with bacteria.
disease that impair the immune system (diabete, kidney failure) can increase the risk of developing boils.
steroids and chemotherapeutic drugs suppress the immune system and can likewise increase the tendency to develop boils.

Whenever possible, refrain from scratching the lesion. An infectoin may set in if the skin breaks.
Apply antiseptic lotion on broken skin to prevent infection.
Wash hands or any other part of the body with soap and water if it comes into contact with an oozing boil.

Apply moist heat ( a clean towel, cloth or gauze that is wet in warm water) 3-4 times daily to the boil. This will reduce pain and help bring it to a head more quickly. Avoid irritating the area or spreading the pus.
Tea tree oil has been used for centuries as an antiseptic, antibiotic and anti fungal agent. Apply the oil to the boil several times a day.
Herbal teas such as dandelion and red clover are believed to help bacterial infections. Ointments containing marshmallow or slippery elm may relieve inflammation.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Dermatologist

MEDICATIONS

Antibiotics

are prescribed to reduce the number of bacteria and help control the infection. Penicillin is the drug of choice for boils. Topical Antibiotics are ineffective in treating boils.

Antiseptic Cleaners

are helpful in inhibiting bacterial growth in the area of a boil.

PREPARATIONS

Antiseptics
Betadine Cream 5%, Betadine Ointment 10%, Betadine Skin Cleanser, Betadine Wound Solution, Phoenix Povidone, Skinguard

Topical Antifungals
Bioderm Ointment, Dermalin Cream

Backpain

2007-11-15T23:28:00.000-08:00

(eng) Backache: lumbar pain (fil) Pananakit ng likod

OVERVIEW

Pain in th lower back is a very common problem experienced by almost 75% of the population at some point during their lifetime. Range of pain depends upon the cause. I can occur gradually or suddenly. It is termed lower back pain if it lasts for less than four weeks and subacute if the duration is 4-12 weeks. If the pain goes on for more than three months, it is considered chronic. Severe lower backpain is usually associated with a number of conditions including bulging disc/disc herniation, sciatica, spinal degeneration, spinal stenosis, osteoporosis, skeletal irregularities, fibromyalgia and spondylitis.

Pain maybe continuous, or only occur when in a certain position.
Lower back stiffness and spasm.
Inability to stand up straight
Inflammation in rare situations

CAUSES

Trauma or Injury
Compression fractures of the spine
Lack of regular exercise
Overweight of pregnancy
Poor Posture
Stress and other emotional factors
Long-term use of medication that weakens bones,m such as corticosteroids
Underlying disease
Osteoporosis

Hot and/or cold compress. Hot compress dilates the blood vessels thus increasing supply of oxygen and decrease muscle spasm.The cold compress, numbs deep pain.
Gentle and soothing massages that can promote proper blood circulation.

Exercise regularly to strengthen the muscles in the back and stomach so as to support the spine and maintain its flexibility.
Maintain proper posture when standing and sitting. Stand up straight. Having proper posture is a major factor in the prevention of lower back pain. When standing for long periods of time, wear flat shoes with good arch support and alternately rest one foot on a low footstool.

Use chairs that support your lower back. Choose a comfortable seat with good lower back support or try using lumbar roll using a pillow or rolled towel to maintain the normal curve of the back. Maintain a good sitting position. Sit with your feet flat on the floor. Sitting with one leg under you or crossing ones legs adds stress to the lower back.

Apply the correct lifting and moving techniques. Bend only at the knees and not at the waist. Let the legs do the work while keeping the back straight. Do not lift and twist at the same time.

Follow these tips to avoid compressing the spinal discs or straining your lower back when lifting:

Keep a wide base of support. Your feet should be shoulder-width apart, with one foot slightly ahead of the other (karate stance).

Squat down, bending at the hips and knees only. If necessary, put one knee to the floor and your other knee in front of you, bent at a right angle (half kneeling).

Maintain good posture. Look straight ahead, and keep your back straight, your chest out, and your shoulders back. This helps keep your upper back straight while maintaining a slight arch in your lower back.

Slowly lift by straightening your hips and knees (not your back). Keep your back straight, and don't twist as you lift.

Hold the load as close to your body as possible, at the level of your belly button.

Use your feet to change direction, taking small steps.

Lead with your hips as you change direction. Keep your shoulders in line with your hips as you move.

Set down your load carefully, squatting with the knees and hips only.

Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes. The less impact the heel takes as it hits the ground during walking, the less chance the back will become strained.
Maintain ideal body weight to avoid causing excessive pressure to the spine. Being at least 10% overweight can dramatically increase one's risk of having lower back pain. A diet with sufficient daily intake of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D helps to promote new bone growth.

WHO TO CONSULT

Family Physician
Orthopedic Surgeon
Neurologist
Physiotherapist
Osteopathic Doctor
Chiropractor

MEDICATIONS

NSAIDS or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

inhibits enzymes cyclooxynase that helps in production of prostaglandin, the mediator of pain, inflammation and fever.

AE: gastrointestinal disturbance but can be minimized if they are taken with or after food or milk.
CI: asthma, peptic ulcer, bleeding disorder and impaired renal, hepatic or cardiac function.
Aspirin and other salicylate containing preparations should not be given to children with a previous viral infection, e.g Influenza, cold, or chickenpox because of association to Reye's syndrome.

Non-opioid analgesics

is used to reduce fever and relieve pain
it does not have an anti-inflammatory property like NSAIDS
SE: nausea and skin rashes, overdosage liver damage

Opioid analgesics

also known as narcotics, they bind to either u, K receptors and exerts their analgesic effects.
u receptors is responsible for the habituating and withdrawal effects of the opioids. Whereas K receptors produce less habituation but may induce hallucinations and dysphoric effects.

CI: respiratory depression and obstructive airways disease
SE: confusion, drowsinexx, nausea, vomiting and constipation.

Skeletal Muscle Relaxant

are also considered in the management of acute low back pain. Centrally acting relaxants (baclofen, carisprodol, chloroxazone, eperisone, tolperisone and methocarbamol) and benzodiazepines (diazepam) are used to relieve painful muscle spasms or spasticity in local trauma or musculoskeletal and joint disorders.

PREPARATIONS
Prescription drugs (Rx)

Coxibs
Arcoxia/AC, Celebrex, Coxid, Flamar

Non-opioid Analgesics
Aldep, Calpol Six Plus, Dolo-Neurobion, Meforagesic Syr/Drops, Naprex Amp, Opigesic 250mg, PArafon Forte, Rexidol, Zydinol Suspension

Opiates and Antagonists
Dolcet, dolotral, Milador/inj, Milador Retard, Nubain, Peptrad, Silverol, Stadol, TDL, Tradonal, Tramal

EED
Demerol, Durogesic, Hizon Morpshin Sulfate, M-DOlor, Relimar CR, Sublimaze

Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
Lagaflex, Lioresal, Myonal, Norgesic/Forte, Onelaxant-R, Parafon Forte, Sirdalud, Ternelax

Topical Analgesics
artrosilene Gel, Difflam 5% Gel, Feldene Gel, Numotizine Cataplasm, Sporton

Non Prescription drugs (Non-Rx)

NSAIDS
Advil, Afligec, Alaxan/FR, Bayers Aspirin,, Cortal, Dolan FP, Eurostan, Midol, Muskelax, Medical, Ponstan 250mg cap, Relaxid, Restolax, Selxan, Spegic, Tynostan

Non-opioid Analgesics
Alvedon, Aminofebrin, Baropyrine, Biogesic, Calpol, Carpacet, Crocin, DLI-Paracetamol, Dolexpel, Geran, Medgenol, Meforagesic Tab, Myremol, Naprex Drops/Susp, Naprinol, NEo-kiddilets, Opigesic 125mg, Pharex Paracetamol, Pynal, Rexidol Susp, Saridon, Temperal, Tempra/Forte, Tylenol, Zydinol Tablet

Topical Analgesics
Alaxan Gel, Begesic, Ben-gay, BSI Medicated Spray, Efficascent Oil, Megascent oil, Metsal, Omega Pain Killer, Voltaren Emulgel.

Bird Flu

2007-11-14T04:17:00.000-08:00

(eng) Avian Influenza, Influenza Virus A Flu, Type A Flu, Genus A Flu

OVERVIEW

Avian Influenza is an infection caused by flu viruses occurring naturally among birds.
Most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry (e.g domesticated chicken, ducks, and turkeys) or surfaces contaminated with secretion/excretions from infected birds.

Initial Symptoms

High Fever, usually with a temp. higher than 38C
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
Chest Pain
Bleeding from the nose and gums

CAUSES

The avian influenza virus subtypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human deaths are: H1N1 (Spanish Flu) , H2N2 (Asian flu), H3N2 (Hong Kong Flu), H5N1 is the current pandemic threat.

Cook all poultry and poultry products (including eggs) thoroughly before eating.
Raw poultry should be handled hygienically. all utensils and surfaces (including hands) that come in contact with raw poultry should be cleaned carefully with water and soap immediately afterwards.
Healthcare workers involved in the care of patients with documented or suspected avian influenza should be vaccinated with the most recent seasonal human influenza vaccine.

MEDICATIONS

The H5N1 virus that has caused human illness and death in Asia is resistant to amantadine and rimantadine, two antiviral medications commonly used for influenza. Oseltamavir (another class of antivirals) would probably work to reat influenza caused by H5N1 virus but additional studies still need to be done to demonstrate its effectiveness.

Oseltamivir blocks te action of the enzyme, neuraminidase, which enables the influenza virus to spread from infected cells to healthy cells. On average, oseltamivir reduces the duration of symptoms by one and a half days if treatment is started within forty-eight hours after symptoms begin.

SE: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchitis, abdominal pain, headache and dizziness.
Experts recommend taking oseltamivir after meals to help reduce nausea. There are no known interactions between oseltamivir and other drugs.

PREPARATIONS
Prescription Drug (Rx)

Oseltamivir

Tamiflu

Bedsores

2007-11-13T03:35:00.001-08:00

(eng) pressure sore, pressure ulcer, decubitus ulcer

OVERVIEW

Bedsores are areas of damaged skin and tissues that develop when sustained pressure, usually from a bed or wheelchair - cuts off circulation to vulnerable parts of the body, especially the skin the buttocks, hips and heels. Without adequate blood flow, the affected tissue dies.

1st stage

Skin area is pink and warm, unbroken and usually over a bony area.

2nd stage

Sore appears like a blister, small crack on the skin

3rd stage

Sore reaches into the layer of far underneath the skin
Affected areas appear white or black in color
Foul smell, maybe draining

4th Stage

Sore stretches into muscle or bone
May be white or black in color, warm to touch
Foul smelling discharge

CAUSES

Irritation and continuous pressure on a dependent part of the body.

Relieve pressure on vulnerable areas. Change the patient's position every two hours when in bed and every hour when sitting in a chair. Use pillows to raise the person's arms, legs, buttocks and hips.
Reduce shear and friction. Keep the bed free from crumbs and other particles that can rub and irritate the skin. Wash the skin gently.
Inspect the skin at least once each day. Early detection can prevent stage I redness from becoming worse.
Minimize irritation from chemicals. Avoid irritating antiseptics, hydrogen peroxide, povidone iodine solution or other harsh chemicals to clean or disinfect the skin.
Encourage daily exercise. Exercise increases blood flow and hastens healing. In many cases, even bedridden people can do stretches and simple exercises.
Keep the skin clean and dry. Use absorbent pads to draw moisture away from vulnerable area.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Dermatologist

MEDICATIONS

Topical antibiotics. Prevent infections. These should not be used more than three times a day and should not be applied over large areas of the skin. Hypersensitivity and contact dermatitis may occur.
Ointments and dressing can be applied to affected areas to help the healing process.

PREPARATIONS

Prescription Drug (Rx)

Topical Anti-Infectives
Bactifree, Flammazine, Flexid, Fucidin Intertulle, Furacin, Fusoderm 2% Ointment, Garamycin 0.1% Cream/Ointment, Hopaq
Others
Solcoserly Jelly

Non-Prescription Drugs (non-Rx)

Topical Anti-Infectives
Fucidin Ointment/Cream

Bad Breath

2007-11-13T02:28:00.000-08:00

(eng) Halitosis, malodor, morning breath
(latin) fetor ex oris
(fil) mabahong hininga

OVERVIEW

Halitosis is characterized by consistently odorous breath.
The odor maybe due to bacteria from decayed particles of food left in the mouth.
The sulfur compound produced by the decayed food particles causes the unpleasant odor.
An underlying disease may also cause bad breath.

General

Foul-smelling breath

Specific

Fruity odor - pathognomonic sign of ketoacidosis
Fecal odor - occurs with prolonged vomiting or when there is bowel obstruction
Ammonia like odor - pathognomonic sign of kidney failure

CAUSES

Gum or dental disease
Certain types of food (garlic, onion, cheese, tuna, coffee, beer, wine and whiskey)
Disease States: tonsillitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, diabetes, gastritis
Certain Drugs (antihistamines)
Smoking

Brush teeth at least two times every day, using a fluoride toothpaste. Be sure to brush along the gumline, as well as all tooth surfaces.
Use a tongue cleaner and clean right to the back of the tongue.
Floss teeth at least once a day to remove food from between the teeth.
Avoid using tobacco products. Any kind of tobacco can cause halitosis.
Chew sugar-free gum or drink water to keep saliva production going.
Dentures: Brush the dentures and soak them overnight in a disinfecting solution.
Have teeth cleaned at least twice a year.
Drink plenty of fluids, avoiding to much coffee.
Eat plenty of fresh, fibrous vegetables.
Use a mouthwash as recommended by a dentist or a pharmacist.
Avoid foods that can cause bad breath

Fresh parsley or a strong mint are often effective ways to fight temporary bad breath.
Black tea has polyphenols that can halt the bacterial growth that causes halitosis.
Activated charcoal cleanses the stomach and intestines. It absorbs toxins and is a natural purifier.
Chlorophyll has a deodorizing effect. A good example is alfalfa. It cleanses the bloodstream and colon, where bad breath often begins.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Dentist
Internist

PREPARATIONS
Non - Prescription Drug (non - Rx)

Mouth and Throat Preparations

Bactidol, Betadine Gargle, Kamillosan M, Listerine Mouthwash, Listerine Pocketpaks, Oracare-Mouthrinse, Xylorinse Fresh Mint Mouthwash

Asthma

2007-11-09T04:15:00.000-08:00

(eng) Reactive Airway Disease (RAD)
(fil) hika, hapo
(ilocano) angkit
(pangasinan) singap

OVERVIEW

Asthma is a chronic lung condition characterized by difficulty of breathing.

People with asthma have extra sensitive or hyper-responsive airways. The airways react by narrowing when they become irritated. This makes it difficult for the air to move in and out of the lungs.

shortness of breath, especially with exertion or at night.
wheezing
coughing - may be chronic; usually worsen at night and early morning. May also occur after exercise or when exposed to cold, dry air.
chest tightness

CAUSES

tobacco or cigarette smoke
respiratory irritants (perfumes or cleaning products)
molds, dust, or animal dander
upper respiratory infections (cold,flu sinusitis, or bronchitis)
cold, dry weather
emotional excitement or stress
physical exertion or exercise
reflux of stomach acid
menstruation, Asthma symptoms are closely tied to the menstrual cycle

Track symptoms to identify what triggers asthma attacks; once identified try to avoid them.
Find a new home for a pet or keep it out of the sleeping area.
Quit smoking and turn the home into a smoke-free zone.
Try to stay indoors during pollen season and use air filters on furnaces and air conditioners.
Wash all bedding, including pillow cases, clothes and studded animal toys once a week or more often in hot water (greater than 130 degrees Fahrenheit) to kill dust mites.Avoid close contact with anyone who has a cold or the flu and wash hands regularly.

Vitamin C (250 to 1000mg 2-4 times a day) taken one hour before exposure to an allergen may reduce reactions. This also applies to exercise-induced asthma.
Vitamin B6 (50 to 200mg/day) may improve symptoms, particularly in children.
Magnesium (200mg 2 to 3 times a day) relaxes air passages in the lungs.
N-acetyl cysteine (50 to 200mg twice a day) and selenium (50 to 200mcg/day) protect lung tissue from damage.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Pulmonologist
Allergologist

MEDICATIONS

Inhaled Steroids
Works continuously to reduce swelling of the airways Inhaled steroids can cause a husky or hoarse voice, which should ease off with time, and a sore throat due to a fungal infection (steroids can interfere with the natural defense of the throat) Long-term use of high-dose inhaled steroids can also cause bone thinning and an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Bronchodilators

Relaxes the smooth muscle that lines the airways.

Anticholinergic - acts against a chemical called acetylcholine that constricts the airways. It may also cause excessive mucous production.
B2 Agonists - may help clear out mucous and decrease swelling. There are two types: Short acting that provides quick relief from breathing difficulties: and long -acting for sustained relief.
Methylxanthine - is a natural substance found in tea. Theophylline, the only drug in this class, may assist breathing by increasing the force of contraction of the diaphragm.

Leukotriene antagonists

The cysteinyl leukotrines are particularly important mediators in patients with aspirin - sensitive asthma. The leukotriene receotir antagonists (LTRAs) act by blocking the effects of the leukotrienes at their receptors on bronchial smooth muscles.Headache and gastroinestinal upset are the side effects most commonly encountered.

Ketotifens
Are taken every day and used along with other anti-asthma medications to reduce the frequency, severity, and duration of asthma symptoms or attacks in children. Ketotifens are not effective for the prevention or treatment of acute asthma attacks. Ketotifens may cause some people to become excited, irritable and nervous. These are symptoms of central nervous system stimulation and are especially likely to occur in children.

Lagundi (vitex Negundo)
Tablets are indicated for the relief of mild to moderate bronchial asthma and cough.

Common Name: Five-Leaved Chaste Tree

PREPARATIONS
Precription Drug (Rx)

Anticholinergics

Atrovent, Berodual, Berotec, Combivent, Duavent, Spiriva, Tiotropium

Inhaled Steroids

Asmavent, Budecort, Flixotide, Flixotide Nebule, Qvar, Symbicort Turbuhaler

Leukotriene Antagonists

Accolate, Singulair

Sympathomimetics

Activent, Airhexal, Airomir, Alloxygen, Asbunyl, Asfrenon, Asfrenon GF expectorant, Asmacaire CFC-Free, Asmalin Syrup, Asmalin Metered Dose Inhaler, Asmalin Pulmoneb, Asvent, Atock, Bambec, Bisolpent, Bricanyl, Bricanyl Expectorant, Broncaire Expectorant Syrup, Bronchodam, Cletal, Emplusal, Foradil, Hivent, Librentin, Limbrentin Bronchoneb, Limbrentin Inhaler, Meptin, Myrex Terbutaline Sulfate Syrup, Oxis Turbuhaler, Provexel NS, Prox-s, Pulmonyl, Pulmoxcel, Resdil, Respolin, RiteMED Salbutamol, RiteMED Terbutalin, Salbumed, Seretide, Serevent, Spropent, Terbullin, Terusol, Ventar, Ventolin, Ventolin Volmax, Venzadril

Xanthines
Ansimar, Asmasolon, Brondil (reformulate), Hallex, Nuelin, Phenedrine, Uni-Dur

Others

Ascof

Allergic Rhinitis

2007-11-09T02:43:00.000-08:00

Hay fever, nasal allergies, pollinosis (eng.)

OVERVIEW

Allergic Rhinitis or hay fever is a reaction to airborne allergens.
When a susceptible person inhales a specific allergen, the body responds by releasing histamine, a substance that causes itching, swelling and mucus production.

nasal stufiness and congestion
sneezing
watery eyes
sensation of plugged ears
scratchy throat
loss or alteration of smell
itchy noes, eyes, ears and palate
postnasal drip

CAUSES

Common outdoor allergens, such as airborne tree, grass and weed pollens or mold (seasonal allergic rhinitis)
Common indoor allergens, such as animal dander (dried skin flakes and saliva), indoor mold or droppings from cockroaches or dust mites (perennial allergic rhinitis)

Limit exposure to offending allergen.
Control dust and dust mites at home.
Use an air conditioner or aor purifier with a special high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter.
Avoid carpet, upholstered furniture, and heavy drapes that collect dust.
Remove "dust collectors" from bedrooms, such as stuffed toys, wall hanging, books, and artificial flowers.
Dust

Steam Inhalation relieves nasal stuffiness and headache.
Inhaling pine and eucalyptus oil in a cotton ball can help clear a stuffy nose.
Eye baths are good for itchy and watery eyes.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
ENT Specialist
Allergologist

MEDICATIONS

Antihistamines

antagonize the effects of histamine.

SE: drowsiness, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, stomuch upset, vision changes, irritability, dry mouth and nose.
CI: glaucoma, liver/kidney disease, epilepsy
Not to be taken simultaneously with CNS depressant, MAO inhibitors, erythromycin, cimetidine, ketaconazole, loratadine and azelastine.

Corticosteroids

provide relief for inflamed areas of the body. They lessen swelling, redness, itching and allergid reactions.

Long-term use of corticosteroids has many side effects, including weight gain, stomach ulcers, sleeping dificulties, increased blood pressure, increased blood sugar (glucose), delayed wound healing, and reduced ability to fight infection.

Decongestants

reduces blood supply to the swollen membranes by narrowing the blood vessels.
desongestant nasal sprays and nose drops may cause a problem called rebound congestion if used repeatedly for several days.

CI: do not use with MAO inhibitors , anti-depressants and beta-blockers.

Leukotriene Antagonists

reduce inflammation and symptoms of allergic rhinitis by blocking the action of the leotrienes, a type of chemical released within minutes after exposure to an allergen

SE: vomiting, headache and diarrhea

Pregnant women should take these medications only under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

PRESCRIPTION DRUG

Antihistamines

Aerius, Aleva, Am-euuropharma, Diphenhydramine HCL, Antamin, Azelone, Azep, Barominic, Benadryl, Cetimin, Chlot-Trimeron, Claricort, Claritin, Dramelin Cap, Fabahistin, Hargenan, Iterax, Lergicyl, Loradex, Lorano, Loratyne, Onemin, Patanol, Primalan, Prizlae, Semprex, Synestal, Systral, Tavegyl, Tavist, Telfast, Virlix, Vividrin Nasal Spray, Xyzal, Zinex, Zylohist, Zyrtec

Corticosteroids

Betneton, Celestamine, Histacort Tablet

Decongestants

Colvan Drops, Nafarain - A, Nagelin, Nasatapp, Nasathera, Nostero, Propadrin, Rhinase, Rhinotapp, SInurex, Clarinase

Nasal Preparation

Azep, Budecort Nasal, Drixine Ped Drops, Flixotide Aqueous Nasal Spray, Locabiotal 1%, Nasonex Aq Nasal Spray, Rinelon, Vividrin Nasal Spray

Leukotriene Antagonists

Singulair

NON-PRESCRIPTION DRUG

Antihistamines
Allerin AH, Allerin Reformulated, Allerta, Dramelin Syr, Fenistil, Nebrecon

Decongestants
A-P Histallin, Allerin AH, Allerin reformulated, Bioflu,Coldrex, Colvan Syrup/Capsule, Decolgen Forte, Decolgen No-Drowse, Decolgen Syrup (reformulated), Dimetapp (reformulated), Disudrin, Langex, Myracof-AF, Myracof-T, Neozep Syrup (oral drops), Neozep (forte) , Salinase, Sinutab extra strength, Snif

Nasal Preparation
Drixine Nasal Spray, Nasivin, Otrivin, Salinase, Sinutab NS, Snif

Allergy

2007-11-09T02:30:00.000-08:00

Urticaria, hives (eng.)

OVERVIEW

An allergy is an abnormal reaction or increased sensitivity to certain substances (allergens)
The reaction between allergens and of substances which produce allergic symptoms in the skin, the nose, eyes, the chest, etc.
The most common allergens are animal danders, pollens, house dust mites, molds, some drugs and many food stuffs, especially fish, eggs, milk and nuts. Bee and wasp stings may cause allergic reactions, with fatal results in rare cases.

May include any of the following:

runny nose
itching of the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, skin or any other areas
wheezing
coughing
skin rashes
stomach cramps
vomiting
headache

Identify and avoid the cause of allergy.

WHO TO CONSULT

general physician
family physician
allergologist

MEDICATIONS

Antihistamines. have been used over the years to treat allergy symptoms. They can be taken as pills, liquid, nasal spray or eye drops. They prevent the effects of histamine-a chemical substance released by the body, causing an allergic reaction.

SE: dry mouth, dysuria, constipation and drowsiness.

Decongestants. relives congestion and are available in nasal spray, eye drop or pill form. They shrink swollen nasal tissues and blood vessels to relieve the symptoms of nasal swelling, congestion, mucous secretin and redness.

SE: nervousness, sleeplessness, raised blood pressure and "rebound rhinitis"
CI: not be given to patients with blood pressure problem and glaucoma.

Corticosteroids. reduce inflammation associated with allergies.

SE (long-term use): hoarseness, dry mouth, headache, abdominal pain and rashes.

Bronchodilators. relax the muscle bands that tighten around the airways.

SE: nervousness, increased heart rate, restlessness, insomnia and headache.

PREPARATIONS
Prescription Drugs (Rx)

Antihistamines

Aerius, Aleva, Am-euuropharma, Diphenhydramine HCL, Antamin, Azelone, Azep, Barominic, Benadryl, Cetimin, Chlot-Trimeron, Claricort, Claritin, Dramalan Cap, Fabahistin, Hargenan, Iterax, Lergicyl, Loradex, Lorano, Loratyne, Onemin, Patanol, Primalan, Prizlae, Semprex, Synestal, Systral, Tavegyl, Tavist, Telfast, Virlix, Vividrin Nasal Spray, Xyzal, Zinex, Zylohist, Zyrtec

Corticosteroids

Celestamine, Betnelan, Histacort Tablet, Kenacort, Liqiopred, Medrol, Prolix, Solu-cortef, Scancortin 5, Optipred, Oradexon, Orasone 5,20, Pred 10,20,30,50

Decongestants

Colvan Drops, Nafarin - A, Nasatapp, Nasathera, Nostero, Propadrin, Rhinase, Rhinotapp

Non - Prescription Drug (Non- Rx)

Antihistamines

Allerin AH, Allerin Reformulated, Allerta, Dramelin Syr, Fenistil, Nebrecon

Decongestants

A-P Histallin, Allerin AH, Allerin reformulated, Bioflu, Broncho Rub White, Coldrex, Colvan Syrup/Capsule, Decolgen Forte, Decolgen No-Drowse, Decolgen Syrup (reformulated), Dimetapp, Disudrin, Neozep Syrup (oral drops), Neozep (forte) , Salinase, Sinutab extra strength

Bronchodilators: see ASTHMA

Arthritis

2007-11-08T06:32:00.001-08:00

(fil.) Rayuma

OVERVIEW

Arthritis generally refers to any disease that cause pain, inflammation and damage to joints and connective tissues.
Arthritic joints can cause chronic or permanent disability.

joint pain, tenderness, swelling, redness or warmth
early morning stiffness
reduced ability to move the joint
unexplained weight loss, fever or weakness associated with joint pains

CAUSES

Age. With the exception of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, symptoms often begin after age 40.
Gender. Women are at higher risk of arthritis. Rheumatoid Arthritis, lupus and fibromyalgia occur more often in women than in men.
Weight. In weight-bearing joints like the knees, increased weight places more pressure on joints and causes the cushioning layer between bones in a joint (cartilage) to break.
Past Injuries. Severe joint injury such as a knee injury that damages cartilage, can add to the overall risk of arthritis.
Ethnicity. 25% of Caucasians carry the genetic marker for rheumatoid arthritis compared to 10% of African American.

Maintain Ideal Body weight. Proper weight control can reduce the risks for developing arthritis especially in the weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips.
Protect joints from trauma. Joint injuries caused by accidents, injuries or overuse can increase the risk for arthritis. Keeping the muscles around the joints strong can also reduce the risk of developing arthritis.

Place a heating pad on the affected or painful area of the joint for 15 minutes to relieve the pain.
In case of severe pain, applying a cold pack will relieve stiffness and ease the pain.
Stretch and exercise gently the affected joint to regain strength and mobility.
Physiotherapy helps strengthen weak muscles.
Canes, Crutches, walkers or splints may help relieve the stress and strain on arthritic joints.
Bromelain, found in pineapples decreases pain and swelling and improves mobility. Ginger decreases joint pains and reduces inflammation. Curcumin, the active ingredient found in turmeric, relieves pain, stiffness and inflammation.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Rheumatologist
Orthopedic Surgeon

MEDICATIONS

Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Remain the cornerstone of drug therapy for all types of arthritis by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins.

SE: Nausea, Abdominal Pain, stomatitis

Corticosteroids

are given in severe cases of pain and finlammation

SE: GI bleeding, hypertension, increased risk of infections
Oral contraceptives increase the effects of corticosteroids while antibiotics (macrolides, azole antifungals) may inhibit their metabolism.

DMARDS (Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs)

slow down the biological process that are the driving force behind persistent inflammation. Frequent laboratory monitoring helps control the risk of side effects.
most common prescribed (gold compounds, hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, azathioprine and penicillaminee)

PRESCRIPTION DRUG

Coxibs
Arcoxia/Arcoxia AC, Clebrex, Coxid, Flamar

Corticosteroids
Adrena, Betnelan, Decilone, Depo-Medrol, Kenacort, Kenacort-A Intra-Articular/Intradermal, Liquipred, Medrol, Optipred, Orasone 5/20, Pharmacort, Phoenix Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate, Pred 5/10/20/30/50, RiteMED Prednisolone, Scancortin 5, Solu-cortef, Solu-Medrol

DMARDS
Imuran, Hextrate, Pharmachemie Azathioprine, Sandimmum Neoral, Plaquenil

NSAIDs
Abicfen, Acidan, Aflocan, Agapro, Aprostal, Arava, Artrosilene Soln for Injection, Aulin, Calibral, Cataflam, Cataflam QS, Clanza, Clofil, Denkoran, Diclowal/retard, Difenax, Dolfastad, Doloflam, Feldene/Flash, Flaxine, Gardan, Haima-plex, Harpinac, Icelax, Idyl SR, Infree, Isagesic, Istan, Laberfen, Macroxam, Melora, Mesulid, Mobic, Morexen, Naprelan, Naprosyn LLE/Forte, Neopyrazon/SR, Nepenthe, Nidolid, Orudis EC, Parixam, Penomor, Pharex Mefenamic Acid, Pirostad, Ponstan Tab 500mg susp, Proxyl, Rantudil, Remicade, Restolax Forte, Selmac, Skelan Forte, tilcotil, Viatril-S, Voltaren, Voren/Forte/Voren SR

NON-PRESCRIPTION DRUGS

NSAIDs
Advil, Afligec, Alaxan, alaxan FR, Cortal, Dolan FP, Medicol, Ponstan Cap 250mg, RFelaxid, Restolax, Selxan

Anemia

2007-11-08T06:30:00.000-08:00

eng: Anemia
fil: kulang sa dugo, anemik
Ilocano: Nakurangan ti dara

OVERVIEW

Anemia occurs when the blood does not have enough red blood cells or when there is not enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen.
Women and people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of developing this condition.
Severe anemia can cause low oxygen levels internal organs such as the heart and can lead to arrythmias.

extreme fatigue, weakness
shortness of breathe
confusion of loss of concentration
dizziness or fainting
pale skin, including decreased pinkness of the lips, gums, lining of the eyelids, nail beds and palms.
palpitations

CAUSES

heavy menstruation
certain diseases (e.g AIDS, gastrointestinal bleeding, liver disease and chronic inflammatory disease)
drugs or medications (e.g alcohol, antibiotics like penicillin, high blood pressure drugs like methyldopa etc.)
impaired production of RBC
lack of iron necessary for production of hemoglobin
vitamin B12 or B9 deficiency

a well balanced diet that includes iron and vitamin B-complex is essential to developing and maintaining a satisfactory blood count.

Spirulina, or blue green algae. Has been traditionally used to treat anemia. One teaspoon is usually given daily.
Alfalfa (medicago sativa), dandelion (taraxacum officinale) root or leaf, have long been used to fortify and cleanse the blood. For mild cases of anemia, they may help normalize levels of hemoglobin.

WHO TO CONSULT

General physician
Family physician
Hematologist

MEDICATIONS

Vitamins and iron supplements, are usually taken for several weeks or longer. Depending on the type and severity of anemia, these supplements are taken as a treatment and or as prevention against anemia.

Iron (ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate or ferrous gluconate) is an essential mineral for oxygen transport.

SE: gastric irritation, stained teeth, dark/black stools
CI: paptic ulcer disease, liver and kidney disease.

iron salts affect the absorption of most drugs including antacids, ascorbic acid, chloramphenicol cimetidine, quinolones and tetracyclines

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) is important in red blood cell formation and for developing fetus during pregnancy.

CI: not to be given with oral contraceptives, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors and hydantoins.

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) reverse the production of abnormally large red blood cells. It should be used with caution in Leber's disease. do not take with colchicine and alcohol.

PRESCRIPTION DRUGS

Hematinics
Eurofer, Fer-In-Sol, Fergseol, Ferro Folsan Plus, Ferro Sanol Duodenal, Ferrous Sulfate Vamsler, Foralivit, foramefer, Fortifer/Fortifer-FA, Hanizyn, Harvifer, Hemobion, MAcrobee with Iron, Mulvitron, Nakaron, Purifol, Sorbifer durules, Treviron

Vitamin B Complex
Beta Plus Forte, Centravin, Enhansid, Folart, Hyper B12 Injection, Hyper BH3, Meganerv 1000, Meganerv-300, Methycobal, Nervafil, Nervex, Neuro-B's, Neurobase, Neurobexol Forte, Neurobion/5000, Nuron-E, Oranerv Forte, Polynerv 1000/500, , Rubramin, Silymarine Plus Vitamin B-Complex, Valtroplex

NON-PRESCRIPTION DRUGS

Hematinics
Ameciron, Brofesol, Cherifer, Children's Clusivol, Dupharon, Femina, Feosol Spansule, Ferglobin, Ferlin, Ferroplex, Hemarate, IBC, Iberet-500 FT, Incremin with Iron, Micron-C, Odiron/Odiron-C, Rhea Ferrous Sulfate, Sangobion, Terraferron, Trihemic, United Home Fersultfate Iron

Vitamin B-Complex
Crescin, Neurobexol, Neurogen-E, Nevramin, One-Six-twelve, Pharex Vitamin B-Complex, Polynerv-EC, SB-Plex, Sevenseas Vitamin B-Complex, Supraneuron, Vancular, Vibee

Acne

2007-11-08T06:15:00.000-08:00

Eng: Pimples
Fil:Taghiyawat
Ilonggo: Punggod
Ceb: Bugas
Ilocano: Camuro

OVERVIEW

All acne begins with one basic lesion: the Comedo, an enlarged hair follicle plugged with oil and bacteria. As the skin continues to produce more oil, bacteria flourishes within the swollen follicle. The surrounding skin becomes increasingly inflamed as white blood cells fight against the intruders.

Non-inflammatory Acne:

Whitehead. They appear on the skin as small, whitish bumps.
Blackhead. Pushing through the skin's surface, the plug's appearance darkens due to the buildup of melanin.

Inflammatory Acne:

Papule. A small, firm pink bump which could be tender to touch.

Pustule. Small round lesions, clearly inflames and contain visible pus.

Nodule or Cystt. Large and usually very painful, nodules are inflamed, pus-filled lesions lodged deep within the skin.

CAUSES

Hormonal level changes during the menstrual cycle in women.
Certain drugs (such as corticosteroids, lithium, and barbituarates)
Oil and grease from the scalp, mineral or cooking oil, and certain cosmetics.
Friction or pressure from helmets, backpacks, or tight collars.
Environmental conditions (such as pollution or humid condition)
other factors

Do not pop, squeeze or pick at the acne lesion. This can spread the inflammatory process and worsen the acne.
Wash face gently at least twice a day with mild soap. Just pat face dry and do not rub with towel.
Use only "noncomedogenic products" that do not clog pores.
Avoid oil-based products.
Avoid acne irritants such as airborne grease from fast food restaurants, rubbing or friction from sporting, equipments, etc.
Some acne products increase the skin's photosensitivity. When in the sun wear a hat and use sunscreen and avoid tanning booths while using these products.

HOME REMEDIES

Spot application of tea tree oil to the blemish after cleansing can speed healing of blemishes. Tea tree oil is a natural antiseptic.
Apply a paste made by mixing a teaspoon of almond powder with a cup goat's milk. Let this paste dry before washing it off.
A cut clove of garlic rubbed gently on the affected area is reported to help reduce acne.
Eat foods high in beta carotene, such as carrots, pumpkin, cantaloupe and other yellow0orange fruits and vegetables.

WHO TO CONSULT

General Physician
Family Physician
Dermatologist

COMMON MEDICATIONS

Topical Medications: These lotions, creams, and gels are applied to the surface of the skin.

Retinoids. it breaks up the mixture of oil and dead cells that blocks the follicle and causes the lesion. Works well with blackheads and whiteheads, just like Vitamin A.

Side Effects: Increased sun sensitivity
CI: Tretinoin and isotretinoin should not be given to pregnant women. Birth defects may occur.

Benzoyl Peroxide: kills the bacteria that causes acne.
Doctors often use Benzoyl Peroxide along with topical antibiotics to reduce the likelihood of antibiotic resistance.

Side Effects: llocal irritation specially with higher strength such as 10 percent gels.

Mild Acid Solutions: these are of fruit origin, including salicylic and glycolic acids, can be effective on acne. these solutions encourage the peeling of the top layer of skin and the opening of blocked follicles, which helps reestablish the normal skin-cell replacement cycle.

Other drugs under this category includes: adopalene, azelaic acid, sulfur, resorcinol and salicylic acid.

Oral Medications: can be useful when the acne affects the skin on multiple areas of the body. They help control acne by reducing inflammation.

Tatracycline and Erythromycin. are the most frequently prescribed oral antibiotics. Becuase bacteria tend to develop resistance, doctors use systemis antibiotics for short-term treatments.

CI: should not be given to children younger than 8 years and to pregnant or breastfeeding women. avoid giving erythromycin to patients taking anticoagulans or theophyllines.
SP: Avoid antacids, dairy products and iron preparations while taking tetracyclines.

Hormone Therapy (ethanyl estradiol, cyproterone acetate)
- invloves the use of medications that restore normal balance of hormones in both men and women.

CI: smokers, those who have blood-clotting disorders, older than 35, or have history of migraine.

PRESCRIPTION

Adapalene: Differin Cream/gel

Azelaic Acid: Skinoren

Erythromycin: Am- Europharma Erythromycin, Erasymin, Ery-Max, Erycar, Erycin, Erythrocin/Erythrocin DS, Ilosone, Pharex, RiteMED Erythromycin, Romaxin, Rulid, Sansacne, Sefavex, Stiemycin.

Isotretinoin: Isotrex, Roaccutane

Benzoyl Peroxide: Brevoxyl

Sulfur: Sulderm

Tetracyclines: Atrax, Biocolyn, Doryx, Doxin, Drugmaker's Biotech Doxycycline, Harvellin, Moncycline, Noxebron, RiteMED Tetracycline, Terramycin, Tetralysal, Vibramycin

Tretinoin: Stieva - A Forte Cream

Others: Diane-35, Fusoderm 2% Ointment, Quadriderm, Robaz

NON-PRESCRIPTION DRUGS

Benzoyl Peroxide: Benoxyl 5, Benzac AC Gel/wash, Panoxyl

Salicylic Acid: Bioderm Ointment, Dermalin Cream, Sastid

Sulfur: Acne-Aid, sulfur 10% Ointment

Tretinoin: Derm A, Drugermaker's Biotech Tretinoin, Retacnyl, Retin-
A, Stieva-A 0.025%/0.05%

Cleansing Preparation: Betadine Skin Cleanser, Cetaphil Antibacterial Bar, Cetaphil Oily Skin Cleanser, Cetaphil Gentle Skin Cleanser, Neutrogena Facial Bar Acne-Prone Skin Formula, Neutrogena Skin Cleansing Foaming Wash

Others: Calmoseptine Ointment, Lactacyd Liquid, Squibb Vitamin E Cream